Aortic Dissection
Aortic Dissection
Aortic Dissection
3:1 male to female predominance
Hemorrhage in the media (at vasa
vasorum) leading to either
Tear in weakened intima (97%) which
breaks in to the lumen, or
Hemorrhage in wall (3%)
Aortic Dissection
Predisposing factors
Cystic medial necrosis
Hypertension (60%)
Marfan’s syndrome (16%)
Coarctation of the aorta
Aortic stenosis
S/P prosthetic aortic valve
Trauma (rare)
Aortic Dissection
Types
DeBakey Type I
Involves entire aorta
DeBakey Type II
Ascending aorta only (least common)
DeBakey Type III
Descending aorta only (most common)
Aortic Dissection
Types
Stanford Type A
Ascending aorta involved
Stanford Type B
Ascending aorta NOT involved
Aortic Dissection
Clinical
Sharp, tearing, intractable chest pain
Murmur or bruit; aortic regurgitation
Shock
Asymmetric peripheral pulses
CHF
Aortic Dissection
X-ray
Mediastinal widening
Left paraspinal stripe
Apical pleural cap
Left pleural effusion
Left lower lobe atelectasis
Displacement of endotracheal tube
or nasogastric tube
Aortic Dissection
Diagnosis
MRI if available
Transesophageal ultrasound if available
Aortic Dissection
Angiography
Double lumen
Compression of true lumen
Increase in aortic wall thickness > 10 mm
Obstruction of branch vessels (left renal
artery in 30-50%)
Intimal flap
Aortic Dissection
Prognosis
Death
Immediate
3%
Within 24 hours
20-30
By end of 1st week
50%
By 3 weeks
60%
By 3 months
80%
Alive at 1 year
10-20%